Until the completion of the Aswān High Dam in 1970, the pattern of inundation and falling water, of high Nile and low Nile, established the Egyptian year and controlled the lives of the Egyptian farmers-and most Egyptians were tied to a life on the land-from birth to death, from century to century. Egypt is the world’s principal producer of long-staple cotton (1.125 inches and longer), normally supplying about one-third of the world crop total Egyptian cotton production, however, constitutes just a tiny fraction of the global yield.Įxplore traditional Egyptian irrigation methods and tools including shaduf, water screw, and waterwheel See all videos for this article The main summer field crop is cotton, which absorbs much of the available labour and represents a notable portion of the value of exports. Egypt has two seasons of cultivation, one for winter and another for summer crops. Field crops contribute some three-fourths of the total value of Egypt’s agricultural production, while the rest comes from livestock products, fruits and vegetables, and other specialty crops. Unlike the situation in comparable developing countries, Egyptian agriculture is geared overwhelmingly toward commercial rather than subsistence production. Strict crop rotation-in addition to government controls on the allocation of area to crops, on varieties planted, on the distribution of fertilizers and pesticides, and on marketing-contributes to high agricultural yield. Heavy capital is invested in the form of canals, drains, dams, water pumps, and barrages the investment of skilled labour, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides is also great. The rapid increase in Egypt’s population prompted an intensification of cultivation almost without parallel elsewhere. It contributes nearly one-eighth of the GDP, employs roughly one-fourth of the labour force, and provides the country-through agricultural exports-with an important part of its foreign exchange. This limited area, which sustains on the average 8 persons per acre (20 per hectare), is, however, highly fertile and is cropped more than once a year.Īgriculture remains an important sector of the Egyptian economy. Lack of forests, permanent meadows, or pastures places a heavy burden on the available arable land, which constitutes only about 3 percent of the total area.
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